Free Access
Issue
Vet. Res.
Volume 34, Number 5, September-October 2003
Mastitis of dairy ruminants
Page(s) 521 - 564
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2003023
How to cite this article Vet. Res. (2003) 521-564
  1. Adler H., Frech B., Thony M., Peterhans E., Jungi T.W., Inducible nitric oxide synthase in cattle. Differential cytokine regulation of nitric oxide synthase in bovine and murine macrophages, J. Immunol. 154 (1995) 4710-4718 [PubMed].
  2. Akers R.M., Thompson W., Effect of induced leukocyte migration on mammary cell morphology and milk component biosynthesis, J. Dairy Sci. 70 (1987) 1685-1695 [PubMed].
  3. Allen R.C., Stjernholm R.L., Steele R.H., Evidence for the generation of an electronic excitation state(s) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and its participation in bactericidal activity, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47 (1972) 679-684 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  4. Allen R.C., Dale D.C., Taylor F.B., Blood phagocyte luminescence: gauging systemic immune activation, Methods Enzymol. 305 (2000) 591-629 [PubMed].
  5. Anderson K.L., Kindahl H., Petroni A., Smith A.R., Gustafsson B.K., Arachidonic acid metabolites in milk of cows during acute mastitis, Am. J. Vet. Res. 46 (1985) 1573-1577 [PubMed].
  6. Anggard E., Nitric oxide: mediator, murderer, and medicine, The Lancet 343 (1994) 1199-1206 [CrossRef].
  7. Babior B., The respiratory burst of phagocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 73 (1984) 599-601 [PubMed].
  8. Babior B.M., Activation of the respiratory burst oxidase, Environ. Health Prospect. 102 (1994) 53-56.
  9. Baldridge C.W., Gerard R.W., The extra respiration of phagocytosis, Am. J. Pathol. 103 (1933) 235-236.
  10. Belaaouaj A., McCarthy R., Baumann M., Gao Z., Ley T.J., Abraham S.N., Shapiro S.D., Mice lacking neutrophil elastase reveal impaired host defense against gram-negative bacterial sepsis, Nature 4 (1998) 615-619 [CrossRef].
  11. Belaaouaj A., Kim K.S., Shapiro S.D., Degradation of outer membrane protein A in Escherichia coli killing by neutrophil elastase, Science 289 (2000) 1185-1188 [CrossRef].
  12. Berning L.M., Paape M., Peters R.R., Functional variation in endogenous and exogenous immunoglobulin binding to bovine neutrophils relative to parturition, Am. J. Vet. Res. 54 (1993) 1145-1153 [PubMed].
  13. Bertram T.A., Neutrophilic leukocyte structure and function in domestic animal, Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 30 (1985) 91-129 [PubMed].
  14. Beutler B., TLR4 as the mammalian endotoxin sensor, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 270 (2002) 108-120.
  15. Bishop J.G., Schanbacher F.L., Ferguson L.C., Smith K.L., In vitro growth inhibition of mastitis-causing coliform bacteria by bovine apo-lactoferrin and reversal of inhibition by citrate and high concentrations of apo-lactoferrin, Infect. Immun. 14 (1976) 911-918 [PubMed].
  16. Blum J.W., Dosogne H., Hoeben D., Vangroenweghe F., Hammon H.M., Bruckmaier R.M., Burvenich C., Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitrite/nitrate responses during acute mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection and endotoxin in dairy cows, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 19 (2000) 223-235 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  17. Bondue H., Machin D., Stryckmans P.A., The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in mature neutrophils of different ages, Scand. J. Haematol. 24 (1980) 51-56 [PubMed].
  18. Born J., Uthgenannt D., Dodt C., Nunninghoff D., Ringvolt E., Wagner T., Fehm H.-L., Cytokine production and lymphocyte subpopulations in aged humans. An assessment during nocturnal sleep, Mech. Ageing Dev. 84 (1995) 113-126 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  19. Bouchard L., Blais S., Desrosiers C., Zhao X., Lacasse P., Nitric oxide production during endotoxin-induced mastitis in the cow, J. Dairy Sci. 82 (1999) 2574-2581 [PubMed].
  20. Boudjellab N., Chan-Tang H.S., Zhao X., Bovine interleukin-1 expression by cultured mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and its involvement in the release of MAC-T derived interleukin-8, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 127 (2000) 191-199 [PubMed].
  21. Boulanger V., Bouchard L., Zhao X., Lacasse P., Induction of nitric oxide production by bovine mammary epithelial cells and blood leukocytes, J. Dairy Sci. 84 (2001) 1430-1437 [PubMed].
  22. Boulanger V., Zhao X., Lacasse P., Protective effect of melatonin and catalase in bovine neutrophil-induced model of mammary cell damage, J. Dairy Sci. 85 (2002) 562-569 [PubMed].
  23. Bramley A.J., King J.S., Higgs T.M., Neave F.K., Colonization of the bovine duct following inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli organisms at or into the teat duct, Br. Vet. J. 135 (1979) 149-162 [PubMed].
  24. Bramley A.J., Scientific summary of the Ghent meeting, in: Burvenich C., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Hill A.W. (Eds.), New insights into the pathogenesis of mastitis, Flemish Veterinary Journal, Merelbeke, Belgium, 1991, pp. 235-238.
  25. Briheim G., Stendhal O., Dahlgren C., Intra- and extracellular events in luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Infect. Immun. 45 (1984) 1-5 [PubMed].
  26. Brooker B.E., Frost A.J., Hill A.W., At least two toxins are involved in Escherichia coli mastitis, Experientia 37 (1981) 290-292 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  27. Burvenich C., Peeters G., Effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on mammary blood flow during experimentally induced mastitis in lactating goats, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Thér. 258 (1982) 128-137 [PubMed].
  28. Burvenich C., Peeters G., Effect of experimentally induced mastitis on blood flow in the heterolateral gland in lactating goats, Zentrbl. Vetmed. Reihe A 30 (1983) 459-469.
  29. Burvenich C., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Roets E., Massart-Leën A.-M., Akers R.M., Reynaert-Van Sichem R., Devriese L., Hormone somatotropine bovine et mammite aiguë à Escherichia coli, Ann. Méd. Vét. 132 (1988) 601-606.
  30. Burvenich C., Heyneman R., Fabry J., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Massart-Leën A.-M., Roets E., Possible role for bovine somatotropin (BST) during the recovery of experimentally induced E. coli mastitis in cows soon after parturition, Proceedings International Conference on Mastitis, St. Georgen/Sängsee Kärnten, Austria, 1989, pp. 4-9.
  31. Burvenich C., Paape M.J., Hill A.W., Guidry A.J., Miller R.H., Heyneman R., Kremer W.D.J., Brand A., Role of neutrophil leukocyte in the local and systemic reactions during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cows immediately after calving, Vet. Q. 16 (1994) 45-50 [PubMed].
  32. Burvenich C., Guidry A.J., Paape M., Massart-Leën A.M., Defence mechanisms of the lactating and dry mammary gland, in: Proceeding of the 3rd International Mastitis Seminar, Telaviv, Israel, 1995.
  33. Burvenich C., Dosogne H., Detilleux J., Van Werven T., Is it possible to predict the severty of acute mastitis during early lactation through measurement of the activity of circulating polymorphonuclear cells?, in: Proceedings of Journées Nationales GTV-INRA, Nantes, France, 1999, pp. 43-52.
  34. Burvenich C., Paape M.J., Hoeben D., Dosogne H., Massart-Leën A.-M., Blum J., Modulation of the inflammatory reaction and neutrophil defense of the bovine lactating mammary gland by growth hormone, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17 (1999) 149-159 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  35. Butcher S., Chahel H., Lord J.M., Ageing and the neutrophil: no appetite for killing?, Immunology 100 (2000) 411-416 [PubMed].
  36. Callery M.P., Kamei T., Mangino M.J., Flye M.W., Organ interactions in sepsis. Host defense and hepatic-pulmonary macrophage axis, Arch. Surg. 126 (1991) 28-32 [PubMed].
  37. Cannon W.B., La sagesse du corps (traduit de l'anglais par Z.M.Bacq), Paris, France, 1946.
  38. Capuco A.V., Paape M.J., Nickerson S.C., In vitro study of polymorphonuclear leukocyte damage to mammary tissues of lactating cows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 47 (1986) 663-668 [PubMed].
  39. Capuco A.V., Long E., Wood D.L., Sonstegard T., Tomita G., Paape M.J., Zhao X., Escherichia coli induces apoptosis and proliferation of mammary cells, Cell Death Differ. 8 (2001) 808-816 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  40. Carreras M.C., Pargament G.A., Catz S.D., Poderoso J.J., Boveris A., Kinetics of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production and formation of peroxynitrite during the respiratory burst of human neutrophils, FEBS 341 (1994) 65-68 [CrossRef].
  41. Carroll E.J., Schalm O.W., Lasmanis J., Experimental coliform (Aerobacter aerogenes) mastitis: characteristics of the endotoxin and its role in pathognesis, Am. J. Vet. Res. 25 (1964) 663-668.
  42. Cebra C.K., Garry F.B., Dinsmore R.P., Naturally occurring acute coliform mastitis in Holstein cattle, J. Vet. Internal Med. 10 (1996) 252-257.
  43. Cepinskas G., Sanding M., Kvietys P.R., PAF-induced elastase dependent neutrophil transendothelial migration is associated with the mobilization of elastase to the neutrophil surface and localization to the migrating front, J. Cell Sci. 112 (1999) 1937-1945 [PubMed].
  44. Chapman A.L.P., Hampton M.B., Senthilmohan R., Winterbourn C.C., Kettle A.J., Chlorination of bacterial and neutrophil proteins during phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus, J. Biol. Chem. 227 (2002) 9757-9762 [CrossRef].
  45. Chatta G.S., Andrews R.G., Rodger E., Schrag M., Hematopoietic progenitors and aging: alterations in granulocyte precursors and responsiveness to recombinant human G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL-3, J. Gerontol. 48 (1993) M207-M212 [PubMed].
  46. Chen A., Engel P., Tedder T.F., Structural requirements regulate endoproteolytic release of L-selectin (CD62L) adhesion receptor from the cell surface of leukocytes, J. Exp. Med. 182 (1995) 519-530 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  47. China B., Goffaux F., Secretion of virulence factors by Escherichia coli, Vet. Res. 30 (1999) 181-202 [PubMed].
  48. Craven N., Anderson J.C., Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by bovine mammary gland macrophages and intracellular protection from antibiotic action in vitro and in vivo, J. Dairy Res. 51 (1984) 513-523 [PubMed].
  49. DeChatelet R.L., Gwynn D.L., Shirley P.S., Bass D.A., Thomas M.J., Henderson F.W., Cohen M.S., Mechanism of the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of human neutrophils, J. Immunol. 129 (1982) 1589-1593 [PubMed].
  50. Deluyker H.A., Milk yield fluctuations associated with mastitis, in: Burvenich C., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Hill A.W. (Eds.), New insights into the pathogenesis of mastitis, Flemish Veterinary Journal, Merelbeke, Belgium, 1991, pp. 207-216.
  51. Detilleux J.C., Genetic factors affecting susceptibility of dairy cows to udder pathogens, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 88 (2002) 103-110 [PubMed].
  52. Detilleux J.C., Koehler K.J., Freeman A.E.F., Kehrli M.E.J., Kelly D.H., Immunological parameters of periparturient Holstein cattle: Genetic variation, J. Dairy Sci. 77 (1994) 2640-2645 [PubMed].
  53. Dhondt G., Burvenich C., Peeters G., Mammary blood flow during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis in goats and cows, J. Dairy Res. 44 (1977) 433-440 [PubMed].
  54. DiCarlo A.L., Paape M., Miller R.H., Reactivity of purified complement component 3b with bovine neutrophils and modulation of complement receptor 1, Am. J. Vet. Res. 57 (1996) 151-156 [PubMed].
  55. Diez-Fraile A., Tomita G.M., Meyer E., Paape M.J., Burvenich C., CD62L expression on circulating neutrophils in relation to Escherichia coli mastitis, in: Zecconi A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Dairy Federation Symposium on Immunology of the Ruminant Mammary Gland, 2000, pp. 177-178.
  56. Diez-Fraile A., Meyer E., Burvenich C., Regulation of adhesion molecules on circulating neutrophils during coliform mastitis and their possible immunomodulation with drugs, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 86 (2002) 1-10 [PubMed].
  57. Diez-Fraile A., Meyer E., Burvenich C., Sympathoadrenal and immune system activation during the periparturient period and their association with bovine coliform mastitis. A review, Vet. Q. 25 (2003) 31-44 [PubMed].
  58. Ditcham W.G.F., Leigh J.A., Bland A.P., Hill A.W., Adhesion of Streptococcus uberis to monolayers of cultured epithelial cells derived from the bovine mammary gland, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 14 (1996) 145-150 [PubMed].
  59. Dosogne H., Burvenich C., Van Werven T., Roets E., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Goddeeris B., Increased surface expression of CD11b receptors on PMN is not sufficient to sustain phagocytosis during Escherichia coli mastitis in early postpartum dairy cows, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 60 (1997) 47-59 [PubMed].
  60. Dosogne H., Capuco A.V., Paape M., Roets E., Burvenich C., Fenwick B., Reduction of acyloxyacyl hydrolase activity in circulating neutrophils from cows after parturition, J. Dairy Sci. 81 (1998) 672-677 [PubMed].
  61. Dosogne H., Burvenich C., Freeman A.E., Kehrli M.E.J., Detilleux J., Sulón J., Beckers J.-F., Hoeben D., Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein and decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in early post-partum dairy cows, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 67 (1999) 47-54 [PubMed].
  62. Dosogne H., Massart-Leën A.-M., Burvenich C., Immunological aspects of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 480 (2000) 295-305 [PubMed].
  63. Dosogne H., Vangroenweghe F., Barrio B., Rainard P., Burvenich C., Decreased number and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus of the resident cells in milk of dairy cows during early lactation, J. Dairy Res. 68 (2001) 539-549 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  64. Dosogne H., Meyer E., Sturk A., van Loon J., Massart-Leën A.-M., Burvenich C., Effect of enrofloxacin treatment on plasma endotoxin during bovine Escherichia coli mastitis, Inflammation Res. 51 (2002) 201-205 [CrossRef].
  65. Dosogne H., Vangroenweghe F., Burvenich C., Potential mechanism of action of J5 vaccine in protection against severe bovine coliform mastitis, Vet. Res. 33 (2002) 1-12 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [EDP Sciences].
  66. Döpfer D., Almeida R.A., Lam T.J., Nederbragt H., Oliver S.P., Gaastra W., Adhesion and invasion of Escherichia coli from single and recurrent clinical cases of bovine mastitis in vitro, Vet. Microbiol. 74 (2000) 331-343 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  67. Döpfer D., Nederbragt H., Almeida R.A., Gaastra W., Studies about the mechanism of internalization by mammary epithelial cells of Escherichia coli isolated from persistent bovine mastitis, Vet. Microbiol. 80 (2001) 285-296 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  68. Eberhart R.J., Coliform mastitis, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 170 (1977) 1160-1163 [PubMed].
  69. Edwards S.W., Swan T.F., Regulation of superoxide generation by myeloperoxidase during the respiratory burst of human neutrophils, Biochem. J. 237 (1986) 601-604 [PubMed].
  70. Elsbach P., Weiss J., Franson R.C., Beckerdite-Quagliata S., Schneider A., Harris L., Separation and purification of a potent bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein and a closely associated phospholipase A2 from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Observations on their relationship, J. Biol. Chem. 254 (1979) 11000-11009 [PubMed].
  71. Elvinger F., Hansen P.J., Head H.H., Natzke R.P., Actions of bovine somatotropin on PMN and lymphocytes in cattle, J. Dairy Sci. 74 (1991) 2145-2152 [PubMed].
  72. Faris A., Krovacek K., Fröman G., Wadström T., Binding of fibronectin to Escherichia coli isolated from mastitis from different geographical regions, Vet. Microbiol. 15 (1987) 129-136 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  73. Faulkner K., Fridovich I., Luminol and lucigenin as detectors for O-2, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 15 (1993) 447-451 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  74. Feng D., Nagy J., Pyne K., Dvorak H.F., Dvorak A.M., Neutrophils emigrate from venules by a transendothelial cell pathway in response to FMLP, J. Exp. Med. 187 (1998) 903-915 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  75. Fenwick B.W., Virulence attributes of the liposaccharides of the HAP group organisms, Can. J. Vet. Res. 54 (1990) S28-S32 [PubMed].
  76. Frost A.J., Selective adhesion of microorganisms to the ductular epithelium of the bovine mammary gland, Infect. Immun. 12 (1975) 1154-1156 [PubMed].
  77. Frost A.J., Hill A.W., Brooker B.E., The early pathogenesis of bovine mastitis due to Escherichia coli, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 209 (1980) 419-431.
  78. Frost A.J., Hill A.W., Brooker B.E., Pathogenesis of experimental bovine mastitis following a small inoculum of Escherichia coli, Res. Vet. Sci. 23 (1982) 105-112.
  79. Frost A.J., Brooker B.E., Hyperacute Escherichia coli mastitis of cattle in the immediate post-partum period, Aust. Vet. J. 63 (1986) 327-331 [PubMed].
  80. Fu Y.K., Arkins S., Fuh G., Cunningham B.C., Wells J.A., Fong S., Cronin M.J., Dantzer R., Kelley K.W., Growth hormone augments superoxide anion secretion of human neutrophils by binding to the prolactin receptor, J. Clin. Invest. 89 (1992) 451-457 [PubMed].
  81. Gennaro R.B., Dewald B., Horisberger U., Gubler H.U., Baggiolini M.A., A novel type of cytoplasmic granule in bovine neutrophils, J. Cell Biol. 96 (1983) 1651-1661 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  82. Ginzberg H.H., Cherapanov V., Dong Q., Cantin A., McCulloh C.A., Shannon P.T., Downey G.P., Neutrophil-mediated epithelial injury during transmigration: role of elastase, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281 (2001) G705-G717 [PubMed].
  83. Glasser L., Fiederlein R.L., Functional differentiation of normal human neutrophils, Blood 69 (1987) 937-944 [PubMed].
  84. Grebner J.V., Mills E.L., Gray B.H., Quie P.G., Comparison of phagocytic and chemiluminescence response of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 89 (1977) 153-159 [PubMed].
  85. Green M.J., Green L.E., Cripps P.J., Low bulk milk somatic cell counts and endotoxin-associated (toxic) mastitis, Vet. Rec. 138 (1996) 305-306 [PubMed].
  86. Griffin F.M.J., Griffin J.A., Leider J.E., Silverstein S.C., Studies on the mechanism of phagocytosis. I. Requirements for circumferential attachment of particle-bound ligands to specific receptors on the macrophage plasma membrane, J. Exp. Med. 142 (1975) 1263-1282 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  87. Guidry A.J., Paape M.J., Pearson R.E., Effects of estrus and exogenous estrogen on circulating neutrophils and milk somatic cell concentration, neutrophil phagocytosis, and occurrence of clinical mastitis in cows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 36 (1975) 1555-1560 [PubMed].
  88. Guidry A.J., Paape M.J., Effect of bovine neutrophil maturity on phagocytosis, Am. J. Vet. Res. 37 (1976) 703-705 [PubMed].
  89. Hakogi E., Tamura H., Tanaka S., Kohata A., Shimada Y., Tabuchi K., Endotoxin levels in milk and plasma of mastitis-affected cows measured with a chromogenic limulus test, Vet. Microbiol. 20 (1989) 267-274 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  90. Hampton M.B., Chambers S.T., Vissers M.C., Winterbourn C.C., Bacterial killing by neutrophils in hypertonic environments, J. Infect. Dis. 169 (1994) 839-846 [PubMed].
  91. Hampton M.B., Kettle A.J., Winterbourn C.C., Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing, Blood 92 (1998) 3007-3017 [PubMed].
  92. Hartman I., Ziv G., Saran A., Application of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test to the detection of gram-negative bacterial endotoxins in normal and mastitic milk, Res. Vet. Sci. 20 (1976) 342-343 [PubMed].
  93. Heyneman R., Burvenich C., Vercauteren R., Interaction between the respiratory burst activity of neutrophil leukocytes and experimentally induced E. coli mastitis in cows, J. Dairy Sci. 73 (1990) 985-994 [PubMed].
  94. Heyneman R., Burvenich C., Kinetics and characteristics of bovine neutrophil alkaline phosphatase during acute Escherichia coli mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 75 (1992) 1826-1834 [PubMed].
  95. Hill A.W., Shears A.L., Hibbitt K.G., The pathogenesis of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in newly calved dairy cows, Res. Vet. Sci. 26 (1979) 97-101 [PubMed].
  96. Hill A.W., Factors influencing the outcome of Escherichia coli mastitis in the dairy cow, Res. Vet. Sci. 31 (1981) 107-112 [PubMed].
  97. Hill A.W., Somatic cells - Friends or foes?, in: Burvenich C., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Hill A.W. (Eds.), New insights into the pathogenesis of mastitis, Flemish Veterinary Journal, Merelbeke, Belgium, 1991, pp. 217-232.
  98. Hirvonen J., Eklund K., Teppo A.M., Huszenicza G., Kulcsar M., Saloniemi H., Pyörälä S., Acute phase response in dairy cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis, Acta Vet. Scand. 40 (1999) 35-46 [PubMed].
  99. Hoeben D., Burvenich C., Eppard P.J., Byatt J.C., Hard D.L., Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on neutrophil functions and clinical symptoms during Streptococcus uberis mastitis, J. Dairy Sci 82 (1999) 1465-1481 [PubMed].
  100. Hoeben D., Burvenich C., Eppard P.J., Hard D.L., Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on milk production and composition in bovine Streptococcus uberis mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 82 (1999) 1671-1683 [PubMed].
  101. Hoeben D., Burvenich C., Massart-Leën A.-M., Lenjou M., Nijs G., Van Bockstaele D., Beckers J.-F., In vitro effect of ketone bodies, glucocorticosteroids and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein on cultures of bone marrow progenitor cells of cows and calves, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 68 (1999) 229-240 [PubMed].
  102. Hoeben D., Burvenich C., Trevisi E., Bertoni G., Hamann J., Bruckmaier R.M., Blum J., Role of endotoxin and TNF-$\alpha$ in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced coliform mastitis in periparturient cows, J. Dairy Res. 67 (2000) 503-514 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  103. Hoffstein S., Goldstein I.M., Weissmann G., Role of microtubule assembly in lysosomal enzyme secretion from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Cell Biol. 73 (1977) 242-256 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  104. Hogan J.S., Smith K.L., Hoblet K.H., Schoenberger P.S., Todhunter D.A., Hueston W.D., Pritchard D.E., Bowman G.L., Heider L.E., Brockett B.L., Field survey of clinical mastitis in low somatic cell count herds, J. Dairy Sci. 72 (1989) 1547-1556 [PubMed].
  105. Hogan J.S., Weiss W.P., Smith K.L., Role of vitamin E and selenium in host defense against mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 2795-2803 [PubMed].
  106. Huber D., Balda M.S., Matter K., Occludin modulates transepithelial migration of neutrophils, J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 5773-5778 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  107. Huynh H.T., Robitaille G., Turner J.D., Establishment of bovine epithelial cells (MAC-T): an in vitro model for bovine lactation, Exp. Cell. Res. 197 (1991) 191-199 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  108. Inoue T., Saito H., Matsuda T., Fukatsu K., Han I., Furukawa S., Ikeda S., Muto T., Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I augment bactericidal capacity of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, Shock 10 (1998) 278-284 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  109. Jackson E.R., Bramley A.J., Coliform mastitis, In Pract. 5 (1983) 135-146 [PubMed].
  110. Jain N.C., Schalm O.W., Carroll E.J., Lasmanis J., Leukocytes and tissue factors in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis, Am. J. Vet. Res. 33 (1972) 1137-1145 [PubMed].
  111. Jankowski A., Scott C.C., Grinstein S., Determinants of phagosomal pH in neutrophils, J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 6059-6066 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  112. Jones T.Q., Escherichia coli mastitis in dairy cattle - A review of the literature, Vet. Bull. 60 (1990) 205-220.
  113. Jubb K.V.F., Kennedy P.C., Pathology of domestic animals, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1975.
  114. Jungi T.W., Nitric oxide synthesis by macrophages: a lesson learned from ruminants, Curr. Trends Immunol. 1 (1998) 1-10.
  115. Kahl S., Elsasser T.H., Blum J., Nutritional regulation of plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha and plasma and urinary nitrite/nitrate responses to endotoxin in cattle, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 215 (1997) 370-376 [PubMed].
  116. Kaneene J.B., Miller R., Herdt T.H., Gardiner J.C., The association of serum nonesterified fatty acids and cholesterol, management and feeding practices with peripartum disease in dairy cows, Prev. Vet. Med. 31 (1997) 59-72 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  117. Karlsson A., Nixon J.B., Mcphail L.C., Phorbol myristate acetate induces neutrophils NADPH-oxidase activity by two separate signal transduction pathways: dependent or independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, J. Leukoc. Biol. 67 (2000) 396-404 [PubMed].
  118. Katoh M., Shirai T., Shikoshi K., Ishii M., Saito M., Kitagawa S., Neutrophil kinetics shortly after initial administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity as an endogenous marker, Eur. J. Haematol. 49 (1992) 19-24 [PubMed].
  119. Kehrli M.E.J., Harp J.A., Immunity in the mammary gland, Vet. Clin. N. Am.: Food Anim. Pract. 17 (2001) 495-516.
  120. Keleman E., Granulocyte alkaline phosphatase activity: a measure of the emergence time of mature marrow neutrophils?, Acta Haematol. 50 (1973) 19-24 [PubMed].
  121. Kelm S.C., Detilleux J.C., Freeman A.E., Kehrli M.E.J., Dietz A.B., Fox L.K., Butler J.E., Kasckovics I., Kelley D.H., Genetic association between parameters of innate immunity and measures of mastitis in periparturient holstein cattle, J. Dairy Sci. 80 (1997) 1767-1775 [PubMed].
  122. Kirkwood T.B.L., Human senescence, Bioessays 18 (1996) 1009-1016 [PubMed].
  123. Kornalijnslijper J.E., Van Werven T., Daeman A.J., van den Broek J., Niewold T.A., Rutten V.P., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., In vitro growth of mastitis-inducing Escherichia coli in milk and milk fractions of dairy cows, Vet. Microbiol. 91 (2003) 125-134 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  124. Kremer W.D.J., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Grommers F.J., Daemen A.J.J.M., Brand A., Burvenich C., Blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis during experimental Escherichia coli bovine mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 2613-2618 [PubMed].
  125. Kremer W.D.J., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Grommers F.J., Daemen A.J.J.M., Henricks P.A.J., Brand A., Burvenich C., Preinfection chemotactic response of blood PMN to predict severity of Escherichia coli mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 1568-1574 [PubMed].
  126. Kremer W.D.J., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Grommers F.J., Schukken Y.H., Heeringe R., Brand A., Burvenich C., Severity of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in ketonemic and nonketonemic dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 3428-3436 [PubMed].
  127. Kubo K., Kamada T., Okamoto H., Izumi Y., Otsuji S., Sueda T., Lipopolysaccharide increases cell surface-associated fibronectin in fibroblasts in vitro, Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 11 (1996) 29-34 [PubMed].
  128. Kurek C., Presence of coryneform organisms (C) in cow udders. III. Fermentation and hemagglutination properties as well as pathogenicity of C. uberis, Pol. Arch. Weter. 18 (1975) 53-62 [PubMed].
  129. Kurt-Jones E.A., Mandell L., Whitney C., Padgett A., Gosselin K., Newburger P.E., Finberg R.W., Role of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in neutrophil activation: GM-CSF enhances TLR2 expression and TLR2-mediated interleukin 8 responses in neutrophils, Blood 100 (2002) 1860-1868 [PubMed].
  130. Kwon N.S., Nathan C.F., Stuerh D.J., Reduced biopterin as a cofactor in the generation of nitrogen oxides by murine macrophages, J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 20496-20501 [PubMed].
  131. Lam T.J.G.M., Van Vliet J.H., Schukken Y.H., Grommers F.J., Van Velden-Russcher A., Barkema H.W., Brand A., The effect of discontinuation of postmilking teat disinfection in low SCC herds. 1. Incidence of clinical mastitis, Vet. Q. 19 (1997) 41-47 [PubMed].
  132. Lammers A., Nuijten P.J., Kruijt E., Stockhofe-Zurwieden N., Vacht U., Smith H.E., van Zijderveld F.G., Cell tropism of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mammary gland cell cultures, Vet. Microbiol. 67 (1999) 77-89 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  133. Lammers A., van Vorstenbosch C.J., Erkens J.H., Smith H.E., The major bovine mastitis pathogens have different cell tropisms in cultures of bovine mammary gland cells, Vet. Microbiol. 80 (2001) 255-265 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  134. Lang C.H., Bagby G.J., Dobrescu C., Nelson S., Spitzer J.J., Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on sepsis-induced changes in neutrophil accumulation and organ glucose uptake, J. Infect. Dis. 166 (1992) 336-343 [PubMed].
  135. Ledbetter T.K., Paape M.J., Douglass L.W., Cytotoxic effects of peroxynitrite, polymor-phonuclear neutrophils, free-radical scavengers, inhibitors of myeloperoxidase, and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase on bovine mammary secretory epithelial cells, Am. J. Vet. Res. 62 (2001) 286-293 [PubMed].
  136. Lee S.U., Quesnell M., Fox L.K., Yoon J.W., Park Y.H., Davis W.C., Falk D., Deobald C.F., Bohach G.A., The early pathogenesis of bovine mastitis due to Escherichia coli, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 61 (1980) 431-439.
  137. Leininger D.J., Roberson J.R., Elvinger F., Ward D., Akers R.M., Evaluation of frequent milkout for treatment of cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 222 (2003) 63-66 [PubMed].
  138. Leino L., Paape M.J., Comparison of the chemiluminescence responses of bovine neutrophils to differently opsonized zymosan particles, Am. J. Vet. Res. 54 (1993) 1055-1059 [PubMed].
  139. Levy R., Dana R., Gold B., Alkan M., Schlaeffer F., Influence of calcium channel blockers on polymorphonuclear and monocyte bactericidal and fungicidal activity, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 27 (1991) 301-306 [PubMed].
  140. Lichtman M.A., Cellular deformability during maturation of the myeloblast: possible role in marrow egress, N. Engl. J. Med. 283 (1970) 943-948 [PubMed].
  141. Lichtman M.A., Weed R.I., Alterations of the cell periphery during granulocyte maturation: relationship to cell function, Blood 39 (1972) 301-309 [PubMed].
  142. Lind J., Merenyi G., Eriksen T.E., Chemiluminescence mechanism of cyclic hydrazides such as luminol in aqueous solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105 (1983) 7655-7661 [CrossRef].
  143. Lohuis J.A., Verheijden J.H., Burvenich C., van Miert A.S., Pathophysiological effects of endotoxins in ruminants. 1. Changes in body temperature and reticulo-rumen motility, and the effect of repeated administration, Vet. Q. 10 (1988) 109-116 [PubMed].
  144. Lohuis J.A., Verheijden J.H., Burvenich C., van Miert A.S., Pathophysiological effects of endotoxins in ruminants. 2. Metabolic aspects, Vet. Q. 10 (1988) 177-125 [PubMed].
  145. Lohuis J.A., Schukken Y.H., Henricks P.A.J., Heyneman R., Burvenich C., Verheijden J.H.M., van Miert A.S.J.P.A.M., Brand A., Preinfection functions of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the outcome of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 73 (1990) 342-350 [PubMed].
  146. Long E., Capuco A.V., Wood D.L., Sonstegard T., Tomita G., Paape M.J., Zhao X., Escherichia coli induces apoptosis and proliferation of mammary cells, Cell Death Differ. 8 (2001) 808-816 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  147. Madsen S.A., Weber P.S., Burton J.L., Altered expression of cellular genes in neutrophils of periparturient dairy cows, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 86 (2002) 159-175 [PubMed].
  148. Magiakou M.A., Mastorakos G., Webster E., Chrousos G.P., The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 816 (1997) 42-56 [PubMed].
  149. Maloney M.A., Patt H.M., Granulocyte transit from bone marrow to blood, Blood 31 (1968) 195-201 [PubMed].
  150. Mandell G.L., Bactericidal activity of aerobic and anaerobic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, Infect. Immun. 9 (1974) 337-341 [PubMed].
  151. Massart-Leën A.-M., Burvenich C., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Hilderson H., Partial prostaglandin-mediated mechanism controlling the release of cortisol in plasma after intravenous administration of endotoxins, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 9 (1992) 273-283 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  152. Massart-Leën A.-M., Burvenich C., Massart D.L., Triaglycerol fatty acid composition of milk from periparturient cows during acute Escherichia coli mastitis, J. Dairy Res. 61 (1994) 191-199 [PubMed].
  153. Mayer S.J., Keen P.M., Craven N., Bourn F.J., Regulation of phagolysosome pH in bovine and human neutrophils: the role of NADPH oxidase activity and an Na+/H+ antiporter, J. Leuk. Biol. 45 (1989) 239-248.
  154. McDermott C.M., Morrill J.L., Fenwick B.W., Deacylation of endotoxin during natural cases of bovine mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 74 (1991) 1227-1234 [PubMed].
  155. McRoberts J.A., Riley N.E., Regulation of T84 cell monolayer permeability by insulinlike growth factors, Am. J. Physiol. 262 (1992) C207-C213 [PubMed].
  156. Medzhitov R., Toll-like receptors and innate immunity, Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1 (2001) 135-145 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  157. Mehrzad J., Dosogne H., Meyer E., Burvenich C., Local and systemic effects of endotoxin mastitis on the chemiluminescence of milk and blood neutrophils in dairy cows, Vet. Res. 32 (2001) 131-144 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [EDP Sciences].
  158. Mehrzad J., Dosogne H., Meyer E., Heyneman R., Burvenich C., Respiratory burst activity of blood and milk neutrophils in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, J. Dairy Res. 68 (2001) 399-415 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  159. Mehrzad J., Dosogne H., Vangroenweghe F., Burvenich C., A comparative study of bovine blood and milk neutrophils functions with luminol dependent chemiluminescence, Luminescence 16 (2001) 343-356 [PubMed].
  160. Mehrzad J., Respiratory burst activity and viability of bovine blood and milk neutrophils during different stages of lactation and mastitis, Ph.D. thesis, Ghent University, 2002.
  161. Mehrzad J., Duchateau L., Pyörälä S., Burvenich C., Blood and milk neutrophil chemiluminescence and viability in primiparous and pluriparous dairy cows during late pregnancy, around parturition and early lactation, J. Dairy Sci. 85 (2002) 3268-3276 [PubMed].
  162. Mena F., Pacheco P., Grosvenor C.E., Effect of electrical stimulation of mammary nerve upon pituitary and plasma prolactin concentrations in anesthetized lactating rats, Endocrinology 106 (1980) 458-452 [PubMed].
  163. Menzies F.D., Bryson D.G., McCallion T., Matthews D.I., A study of mortality among suckler and dairy cows in Northern Ireland in 1992, Vet. Rec. 137 (1995) 531-536 [PubMed].
  164. Metcalf D., The molecular control of cell division, differentiation commitment and maturation in hematopoietic cells, Nature 339 (1989) 27-30 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  165. Miller J.K., Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E., Madsen F.C., Oxidative stress, antioxidants and animal function, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 2812-2823 [PubMed].
  166. Moncada S., Palmer R.M.J., Higgs E.A., Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology, Pharmacol. Rev. 43 (1991) 109-142 [PubMed].
  167. Monfardini E., Burvenich C., Massart-Leën A.-M., Smits E., Paape M., Effect of antibiotic induced bacterial clearance in the udder on L-selectin shedding of blood neutrophils in cows with Escherichia coli mastitis, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 67 (1999) 373-384 [PubMed].
  168. Monfardini E., Van Merris V., Meyer E., Burvenich C., L-selectin expression increases strongly upon maturation of bovine progenitor cells (abstract), Pflügers Archiv - Eur. J. Physiol. 444 (2002) R4:10.
  169. Munford R.S., Hall C.L., Detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) by a human neutrophil enzyme, Science 234 (1986) 203-205 [CrossRef].
  170. Nelson L., Flock J.-I., Höök M., Lindberg M., Müller H.P., Wadström T., Adhesins in Staphylococcal mastitis as vaccine components, in: Burvenich C., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Hill A.W. (Eds.), New insights into the pathogenesis of mastitis, Flemish Veterinary Journal, Merelbeke, Belgium, 1991, pp. 111-125.
  171. Newman S.L., Johnston R.B., Role of binding through C3b and IgG in polymorphonuclear neutrophil function: studies with trypsin-generated C3b, J. Immunol. 123 (1979) 1839-1846 [PubMed].
  172. Nickerson S.C., Heald C.W., Histopathologic response of the bovine mammary gland to experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus infection, Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 (1981) 1351-1354 [PubMed].
  173. Ohno N., Morrison D.C., Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme. Binding of lipopolysaccharide to lysozyme and inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic activity, J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 4434-4441 [PubMed].
  174. Okun D.B., Tanaka K.R., Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, Am. J. Hematol. 4 (1978) 293-299 [PubMed].
  175. Opdebeeck J.P., Frost A.J., O'Boyle D., Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to bovine udder epithelial cells, Vet. Microbiol. 16 (1988) 77-86 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  176. Paape M.J., Schultze W.D., Desjardins C., Miller R.H., Plasma corticosteroid, circulating leukocyte and milk somatic cell responses to Escherichia coli endotoxininduced mastitis, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145 (1974) 553-559 [PubMed].
  177. Paape M.J., Guidry A.J., Jain N.C., Miller R.H., Leukocyte defence mechanisms, in: Burvenich C., Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Hill A.W. (Eds.), New insights into the pathogenesis of mastitis, Flemish Veterinary Journal, Merelbeke, Belgium, 1991, pp. 95-109.
  178. Paape M.J., Lillius E., Wiitanen P., Kontio M., Miller R., Intramammary defense against infections induced by Escherichia coli in cows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 57 (1996) 477-482 [PubMed].
  179. Paape M.J., Shafer-Weaver K., Capuco A.V., Van Oostveldt K., Burvenich C., Immune surveillance of mammary tissue by phagocytic cells, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 480 (2000) 259-277 [PubMed].
  180. Paape M.J., Mehrzad J., Zhao X., Detilleux J., Burvenich C., Defense of the bovine mammary gland by polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes, J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 7 (2002) 109-121 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  181. Paape M.J., Bannerman D.D., Zhao X., Lee J.-W., The bovine neutrophil: structure and function in blood and milk, Vet. Res. 34 (2003) 597-627 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [EDP Sciences].
  182. Pacelli R., Wink D.A., Cook J.A., Krishna M.C., DeGraff W., Friedman N., Tsokos M., Samuni A., Mitchell J.B., Nitric oxide potentiates hydrogen peroxide-induced killing of Escherichia coli, J. Exp. Med. 182 (1995) 1469-1479 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  183. Persson K., Sandgren C.H., Rodríguez-Martínez H., Studies of endotoxin-induced neutrophil migration in bovine teat tissues, using indium-111-labeled neutrophils and biopsies, Am. J. Vet. Res. 53 (1992) 2235-2240 [PubMed].
  184. Persson K., Larrson I., Sandgren C.H., Effects of certain inflammatory mediators on bovine neutrophil migration in vivo and in vitro, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 37 (1993) 99-112 [PubMed].
  185. Persson-Waller K., Mammary gland immunology around parturition. Influence of stress, nutrition and genetics, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 480 (2000) 231-245 [PubMed].
  186. Peter A.T., Clark P.W., Van Roekel D.E., Luker C.W., Gaines J.D., Bosu W.T., Temporal changes in metabolites of prostanoids in milk of heifers after intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli organisms, Prostaglandins 39 (1990) 451-457 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  187. Piccinini R., Bronzo V., Moroni P., Luzzago P., Zecconi A., Study on the relationship between milk immune factors and Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in dairy cows, J. Dairy Res. 66 (1999) 501-510 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  188. Pike M.C., Wicha M.S., Yoon P., Mayo L., Boxer L.A., Laminin promotes the oxidative burst in human neutrophils via increased chemoattractant receptor expression, J. Immunol. 142 (1989) 2004-2011 [PubMed].
  189. Powers M.S., White M.E., Dinsmore P., Guard C., Dimock B., Aerobic blood culturing in cows with coliform mastitis, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 189 (1986) 440-441 [PubMed].
  190. Pyörälä S.H.K., Pyörälä E.O., Efficacy and parenteral administration of three antimicrobial agents in treatment of clinical mastitis in lactating cows: 487 cases (1989-1995), J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 212 (1998) 407-412 [PubMed].
  191. Qu X.D., Harwig S.S., Oren A.M., Shafer W.M., Lehrer R.I., Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to protegrins, Infect. Immun. 64 (1996) 1240-1245 [PubMed].
  192. Raubertas R.F., Shook G.E., Relationship between lactation measures of somatic cell concentration and milk yield, J. Dairy Sci. 65 (1982) 419-425.
  193. Raulo S.M., Sorsa T., Tervahartiala T., Latvanen T., Pirila E., Hirvonen J., Maisi P., Increase in milk metalloproteinase activity and vascular permeability in bovine endotoxin-induced and naturally occurring Escherichia coli mastitis, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 85 (2002) 137-145 [PubMed].
  194. Reeves E.P., Lu H., Jacobs H.L., Messina C.G.M., Bolsover S., Gabella G., Potma E.O., Warley A., Roes J., Segal A.W., Killing activity of neutrophils is mediated through activation of proteases by K+ flux, Nature 416 (2002) 291-297 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  195. Riollet C., Rainard P., Poutrel B., Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 7 (2000) 161-167 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  196. Root R.K., Cohen M.S., The microbicidal mechanisms of human neutrophils and eosinophils, Rev. Infect. Diseases 3 (1981) 565-598.
  197. Rosen H., Klebanoff S.J., Chemiluminescence and superoxide production by myeloperoxidase deficient leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 58 (1976) 50-60 [PubMed].
  198. Rossi F., The O-2 forming NADPH oxidase of the phagocytes: nature, mechanisms of activation and function, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 853 (1986) 65-89.
  199. Rossi F., Zatti M., Changes in the metabolic pattern of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 45 (1964) 548-559 [PubMed].
  200. Sato N., Asano S., Koeffler H.P., Takaku F., Takatani O., Induction of alkaline phosphatase in neutrophilic granulocytes by natural and recombinant G-CSF, Exp. Hematol. 15 (1987) 460-465.
  201. Savill J.S., Wyllie A.H., Henson J.E., Walport M.J., Henson P.M., Haslett C., Macrophage phagocytosis of aging neutrophils in inflammation. Programmed cell death in the neutrophil leads to its recognition by macrophages, J. Clin. Invest. 83 (1989) 865-867 [PubMed].
  202. Scaffidi P., Misteli T., Bianchi M.E., Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation, Nature 418 (2002) 191-195 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  203. Schalm O.W., Carroll E.J., Jain N.C., Bovine mastitis, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1971.
  204. Schalm O.W., Lasmanis J., Cytologic features of bone marrow in normal and mastitic cows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 37 (1976) 359-363 [PubMed].
  205. Schukken Y.H., Grommers F.J., Vande Geer D., Erb H.N., Brand A., Risk factors for clinical mastitis in herds with a low bulk milk somatic cell count. I. Data and risk factors for all cases, J. Dairy Res. 73 (1990) 3463-3471.
  206. Sears C.L., Kaper J.B., Enteric bacterial toxins: mechanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion, Microbiol. Rev. 60 (1996) 167-215 [PubMed].
  207. Shafer W.M., Hubalek F., Huang M., Pohl J., Bactericidal activity of a synthetic peptide (CG 117-136) of human lysosomal cathepsin G is dependent on arginine content, Infect. Immun. 64 (1996) 4842-4845 [PubMed].
  208. Shpigel N.Y., Should we use antimicrobials for treatment of coliform mastitis in dairy cows?, Cattle Pract. 6 (1998) 113-116.
  209. Shuster D.E., Kehrli M.E.J., Braumrucker C.R., Relationship of inflammatory cytokines, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I to reduced performance during infectious disease, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 210 (1995) 140-149 [PubMed].
  210. Shuster D.E., Lee E.K., Kehrli M.E., Bacterial growth, inflammatory cytokine production, and neutrophil recruitment during coliform mastitis in cows within ten days after calving, compared with cows at midlactation, Am. J. Vet. Res. 14 (1996) 1569-1575.
  211. Shuster D.E., Kehrli M.E.J., Rainard P., Paape M., Complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines in neutrophil recruitment during intramammary infection with Escherichia coli, Infect. Immun. 65 (1997) 3286-3292 [PubMed].
  212. Silva I.D., Jain N.C., George L.W., Phagocytic and nitroblue tetrazolium reductive properties of mature and immature neutrophils and eosinophils from blood and bone marrow from cows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 50 (1989) 778-781 [PubMed].
  213. Simms H.H., D'amico R., Studies on polymorphonuclear leukocyte bactericidal function III: the role of extracellular matrix proteins, J. Surg. Res. 72 (1997) 123-128 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  214. Smith K.L., Hogan J.S., Weiss W.P., Dietary vitamin E and selenium affect mastitis and milk quality, J. Anim. Sci. 75 (1997) 1659-1665 [PubMed].
  215. Smith V.G., Edgerton L.A., Hafs H.D., Convey E.M., Bovine serum estrogens, progestins and glucocorticosteroids during late pregnancy, parturition and early lactation, J. Anim. Sci. 36 (1973) 391-396 [PubMed].
  216. Smits E., Cifrian E., Guidry A.J., Rainard P., Burvenich C., Paape M.J., Cell culture system for studying bovine neutrophil diapedesis, J. Dairy Sci. 79 (1996) 1353-1360 [PubMed].
  217. Smits E., Burvenich C., Guidry A.J., Heyneman R., Massart-Leën A.-M., Diapedesis across mammary epithelium reduces phagocytic and oxidative burst of bovine neutrophils, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 68 (1999) 169-176 [PubMed].
  218. Smits E., Burvenich C., Guidry A.J., Massart-Leën A.-M., Adhesion receptor CD11b/CD18 contributes to neutrophil diapedesis across the bovine blood-milk barrier, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 73 (2000) 255-256 [PubMed].
  219. Sordillo L.M., Peel J.E., Effect of interferong on the production of tumor necrosis factor during acute Escherichia coli mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 75 (1992) 2119-2125 [PubMed].
  220. Sordillo L.M., Streicher K.L., Mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility, J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 7 (2002) 135-146 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  221. Spitznagel J.K., Shafer W.M., Neutrophil killing of bacteria by oxygen-independent mechanisms: A historical summary, Rev. Infect. Dis. 7 (1985) 398-403 [PubMed].
  222. Staudinger B.J., Oberdoerster M.A., Lewis P.J., Rosen H., mRNA expression profiles for Escherichia coli ingested by normal and phagocyte oxidase-deficient human neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 110 (2002) 1151-1163 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  223. Stich R., Shoda L., Dreewes M., Adler B., Jungi T., Brown W., Stimulation of nitric oxide production in macrophages by Babesia bovis, Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 4130-4136 [PubMed].
  224. Strandberg E., Shook G.E., Genetic and economic responses to breeding programs that consider mastitis, J. Dairy Sci. 72 (1989) 2136-2142 [PubMed].
  225. Styrt B., Species variation in neutrophil biochemistry and function, J. Leuk. Biol. 46 (1989) 63-74.
  226. Suriyasathaporn W., Heuer C., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Schukken Y.H., Hyperketonemia and the impairment of udder defense: a review, Vet. Res. 31 (2000) 397-412 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [EDP Sciences].
  227. Suriyasathaporn W., Schukken Y.H., Nielen M., Brand A., Low somatic cell count: a risk factor for subsequent clinical mastitis in a dairy herd, J. Dairy Sci. 83 (2000) 1248-1255 [PubMed].
  228. Swain S.D., Nelson L.K., Hanson A.J., Siemsen D.W., Quin M.T., Host defense function in neutrophils from the American bison (Bison bison), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 127 (2000) 137-147.
  229. Targowski S.P., Niemialtowski M., Appearance of Fc receptors on polymorphonuclear leukocytes after migration and their role in phagocytosis, Infect. Immun. 52 (1986) 798-802 [PubMed].
  230. Terranova V.P., DiFlorio R., Hujanen E.S., Lyall R.M., Liotta L.A., Thorgeirsson U., Siegal G.P., Schiffmann E., Laminin promotes rabbit neutrophil motility and attachment, J. Clin. Invest. 77 (1986) 1180-1186 [PubMed].
  231. Terstappen L.W., Safford M., Loken M.R., Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow. III. Neutrophil maturation, Leukemia 4 (1990) 657-663 [PubMed].
  232. Thomas E.L., Jefferson M.M., Grishman M., Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed incorporation of amino acids into proteins: role of hypochlorous acid, and chloramines, Biochemistry 21 (1982) 6299-6308 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  233. Thomas E.L., Fishman M., Oxidation of choloride, and thiocyanate by isolated leukocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 261 (1986) 9694-9702 [PubMed].
  234. Tolle A., Mastitis - The disease in relation to control methods, IDF-bulletin 85 (1975) 3-15.
  235. Van Den Berg C., de Neeling A.J., Schot C.S., Hustinx W.N., Wemer J., de Wildt D.J., Delayed antibiotic-induced lysis of Escherichia coli in vitro is correlated with enhancement of LPS release, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 24 (1992) 619-627 [PubMed].
  236. Van Eeden S.F., Miyagashima R., Haley L., Hogg J.C., A possible role for L-selectin in the release of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from bone marrow, Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997) H1717-H1724 [PubMed].
  237. Van Merris V., Lenjou M., Hoeben D., Nijs G., Van Bockstaele D., Burvenich C., Culture of bovine bone marrow cells in vitro, Vet. Q. 23 (2001) 170-175 [PubMed].
  238. Van Merris V., Meyer E., Dosogne H., Burvenich C., Separation of bovine bone marrow into maturation related myeloid cell fractions, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 83 (2001) 11-17 [PubMed].
  239. Van Merris V., Meyer E., Burvenich C., Functional maturation during bovine granulopoiesis, J. Dairy Sci. 85 (2002) 2859-2868 [PubMed].
  240. Van Miert A.S., van Duin C.T., Wensing T., Fever and acute phase response induced in dwarf goats by endotoxin and bovine and human recombinant tumour necrosis factor alpha, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 15 (1992) 332-342 [PubMed].
  241. Van Werven T., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Daemen A.J.J.M., Schukken Y.H., Brand A., Burvenich C., Preinfection in vitro chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and expression of CD11/CD18 receptors and their predictive capacity on the outcome of mastitis induced in dairy cows with Escherichia coli, J. Dairy Sci. 80 (1997) 67-74 [PubMed].
  242. Van Werven T., Burvenich C., Piens K., van den Broek J., Heyneman R., Noordhuizen-Stassen E.N., Schukken Y.H., Brand A., Flow cytometric measurement of neutrophil alkaline phosphatase before and during initiation of an induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 62 (1998) 235-244 [PubMed].
  243. Van Werven T., Schukken Y., Noordhuizen-Stassen E., Daeman A., Burvenich C., Brand A., Relationship between metabolic status around parturition and the outcome of an experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in dairy cows, in: The role of leukocytes in bovine Escherichia coli mastitis, Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 73-89.
  244. Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Burvenich C., Effect of somatotropin on changes in milk production and composition during coliform mastitis in periparturient cows, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 3727-3741 [PubMed].
  245. Vandeputte-Van Messom G., Burvenich C., Roets E., Massart-Leën A.-M., Heyneman R., Kremer W.D.J., Brand A., Classification of newly calved cows into moderate and severe responders to experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis, J. Dairy Res. 60 (1993) 19-29 [PubMed].
  246. Waage S., Jonsson P., Franklin A., Evaluation of a cow-side test for detection of gram-negative bacteria in milk from cows with mastitis, Acta Vet. Scand. 35 (1994) 207-212 [PubMed].
  247. Waage S., Svidland S., Odegaard S.A., Identification of risk factors for clinical mastitis in dairy heifers, J. Dairy Sci. 81 (1998) 1275-1284 [PubMed].
  248. Wachstein M., Alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and abnormal human blood and bone marrow cells, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 32 (1946) 1-7.
  249. Weber L., Peterhans E., Wyler R., The chemiluminescent response of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from milk and blood, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 4 (1983) 397-412 [PubMed].
  250. Weinrauch Y., Drujan D., Shapiro S.D., Weiss J., Zychlinsky A., Neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria, Nature 417 (2002) 91-94 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  251. Weiss J., Elsbach P., Olsson I., Odeberg H., Purification and characterization of a potent bactericidal and membrane active protein from the granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 253 (1978) 2664-2672 [PubMed].
  252. Weiss J., Victor M., Stendhal O., Elsbach P., Killing of gram-negative bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes: role of an O-2 independent bactericidal system, J. Clin. Invest. 69 (1982) 959-970 [PubMed].
  253. Wenz J.R., Barrington G.M., Garry F.B., McSweeny K.D., Dinsmore R.P., Goodell G., Callan R.J., Bacteremia associated with naturally occuring acute coliform mastitis in dairy cows, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 219 (2001) 976-981 [PubMed].
  254. Werling D., Jungi T.W., TOLL-like receptors linking innate and adaptive immune response, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 91 (2003) 1-12 [PubMed].
  255. Whyte M., Renshaw S., Lawson R., Bingle C., Apoptosis and regulation of neutrophil lifespan, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 27 (1999) 802-807 [PubMed].
  256. Williams D.M., Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase as a marker of cell maturity: a quantitative cytochemical and autoradiographic study, Br. J. Hematol. 31 (1975) 371-379.
  257. Worku M., Paape M.J., Filep R., Miller R., Effect of in vitro and in vivo migration of bovine neutrophils on binding and expression of Fc receptors for IgG2 and IgM, Am. J. Vet. Res. 55 (1994) 221-226 [PubMed].
  258. Yagi Y., Shiono H., Shibahara T., Chikayama Y., Nakamura I., Ohnuma A., Increase in apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils in peripheral blood after intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 89 (2002) 115-125 [PubMed].
  259. Zecconi A., Bronzo V., Piccinini R., Speafico G., Ruffo G., Phagocytic activity of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes, J. Dairy Res. 61 (1994) 271-279 [PubMed].
  260. Zhang R., Shen Z., Nauseef W.M., Hazen S.L., Defects in leukocyte-mediated initiation of lipid peroxidation in plasma as studied in myeloperoxidase-deficient subjects: systematic identification of multiple endogenous diffusible substrates for myeloperoxidase in plasma, Blood 99 (2002) 1802-1810 [PubMed].
  261. Ziv G., Hartman I., Bogin E., Abidar J., Saran A., Endotoxin in blood and milk of cows during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin mastitis, Theriogenology 6 (1976) 343-347 [CrossRef].
  262. Ziv G., Schultze W.D., Influence of intramammary infusion of polymyxin B on the clinicopathologic course of endotoxin-induced mastitis, Am. J. Vet. Res. 44 (1983) 1446-1450 [PubMed].