| Issue |
Vet. Res.
Volume 38, Number 2, March-April 2007
Respiratory viruses of domestic animals
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Page(s) | 153 - 180 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2006053 | |
| Published online | 25 January 2007 | |
| How to cite this article | Vet. Res. (2007) 153-180 | |
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006053
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection
Jean-Francois Valarchera and Geraldine Taylorba IVI-Animal Health, Lärkbacken, 740 20 Vänge, Uppsala, Sweden
b Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
(Received 6 April 2006; accepted 18 July 2006; published online 25 January 2007)
Abstract - Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) belongs to the pneumovirus genus
within the family Paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young
calves. BRSV is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded RNA
genome encoding 11 proteins. The virus replicates predominantly in ciliated
respiratory epithelial cells but also in type II pneumocytes. It appears to
cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in
vitro, suggesting that much of the pathology is due to the
host's response to virus infection. RSV infection induces an array of
pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit neutrophils,
macrophages and lymphocytes to the respiratory tract resulting in
respiratory disease. Although the mechanisms responsible for induction of
these chemokines and cytokines are unclear, studies on the closely related
human (H)RSV suggest that activation of NF-
B via TLR4 and TLR3
signalling pathways is involved. An understanding of the mechanisms by which
BRSV is able to establish infection and induce an inflammatory response has
been facilitated by advances in reverse genetics, which have enabled
manipulation of the virus genome. These studies have demonstrated an
important role for the non-structural proteins in anti-interferon activity,
a role for a virokinin, released during proteolytic cleavage of the fusion
protein, in the inflammatory response and a role for the SH and the secreted
form of the G protein in establishing pulmonary infection. Knowledge gained
from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe,
stable, live attenuated virus vaccine candidates.
Key words: BRSV / pathogenesis / respiratory disease / cattle / vaccines
Corresponding author: geraldine.taylor@bbsrc.ac.uk
© INRA, EDP Sciences 2007