Open Access
Review
Table I.
Isolation of M. bovis in wildlife species and their possible role as maintenance or spill over hosts in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to domestic cattle.
| Species | Country/area | Spill over | Maintenance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervids | ||||
| White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) | USA (Michigan) | X | X | [12, 58] |
| Red deer (Cervus elaphus) | Spain, NZ, UK, Czech Rep., France | X | X | [6, 32, 64, 65, 93, 124] |
| Sika deer (Cervus nippon) | UK | X | X | [31] |
| Fallow deer (Dama dama) | Spain, UK | X | X | [6, 31, 32] |
| Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) | UK | X | ? | [31, 32] |
| Elk or Wapiti (Cervus canadensis) | Canada | X | X | [62] |
| Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) | UK | X | ? | [32] |
| Suids | ||||
| Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) | Spain, Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, Hungary, France | X | [92, 93, 124] | |
| Feral pigs (Sus domesticus) | NZ | X | [20] | |
| Warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) | South Africa | X | X | [73, 122] |
| Carnivores | ||||
| Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) | USA, UK, Spain | X | [12, 31, 32, 63, 69] | |
| Feral ferret (Mustela furo) | NZ, UK | X | X? | [17, 30] |
| Stoat (Mustela erminea) | NZ, UK | X | [17, 30, 32] | |
| Polecat (Mustela putorius) | UK | X | [32] | |
| Mink (Mustela vison) | UK | X | [30] | |
| Feral cat (Felis catus) | NZ, UK | X | [30, 99] | |
| Lion (Panthera leo) | Tanzania, South Africa | X | ? | [17, 73] |
| Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) | South Africa, Zambia | X | [60, 126] | |
| Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) | Spain | X | [11, 69] | |
| Leopard (Panthera pardus) | Zambia | X | [126] | |
| Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) | South Africa | X | [73] | |
| Bobcat (Lynx rufus) | USA (Michigan) | X | [12] | |
| Coyotes (Canis latrans) | USA | X | [12] | |
| Black Bear (Ursus americanus) | USA (Michigan) | X | [12] | |
| Raccoon (Procyon lotor) | USA (Michigan) | X | [12] | |
| Wild ruminants | ||||
| African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) | South Africa, Uganda | X | [37, 73, 122] | |
| Asian water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) | Australia | X | [20] | |
| Bison (Bison bison) | Canada, Poland | X | [84, 93] | |
| Kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) | Tanzania | X | [15] | |
| Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) | South Africa, Zambia | X | [60, 126] | |
| Lechwe antelope (Kobus leche) | South Africa, Tanzania | X | [27, 126] | |
| Bushbuck (Targelaphus scriptus) | Zambia | X | [126] | |
| Feral goat (Capra hircus) | NZ | X | [17] | |
| Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) | Tanzania | X | X | [15] |
| Topi (Damaliscus lunatus) | Tanzania | X | [15] | |
| Small mammals | ||||
| Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) | NZ | X | [17] | |
| Mole (Talpa europaea) | UK | X | [30, 31] | |
| Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) | UK | X | ? | [31] |
| Common shrew (Sorex araneus) | UK | X | [32] | |
| Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) | UK | X | [32] | |
| Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) | UK | X | [70] | |
| Field vole (Microtus agrestris) | UK | X | [32] | |
| Yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) | UK | X | [32] | |
| Others | ||||
| European badger (Meles meles) | UK, Ireland, Spain | X | [33, 47, 69] | |
| Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) | NZ | X | [55] | |
| Baboon (Papio cynocephalus) | Kenya | X | [111] | |